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Administrative and Biographical History

The Institute of Charity is a Roman Catholic religious congregation, founded in the early nineteenth century by Antonio Rosmini. The members of the order are referred to as “Rosminians” after their founder. The Congregation was approved by the Pope Gregory XVI in September 1839. As of the year 2020 the order Congregation is divided into six provinces. These provinces are the Irish-American Province, the Province of the England, Wales and New Zealand, the Italian Province, the Indian Province, the East-African Province and the Venezuelan Province. The world headquarters of the Institute of Charity is located at Rosmini College, Porta Latina, in Rome, Italy. The leader of the Institute of Charity is referred to as the Father General or sometimes as the Provost General. There have been eleven Fathers General with Antonio Rosmini being the first. They are (with years they were Father General):

Antonio Rosmini (died 1855)
Giambattista Pagani (1855-1860)
Piettro Bertetti (1860-1874)
Giuseppi Cappa (1874-1877)
Luigi Lanzoni (1877-1901)
Bernardino Balsari (1901-1935)
Giuseppi Bozzetti (1935-1956)
Giovanni Gaddo (1956-1989)
Giambattista Zantedeschi (1989-1997)
James Flynn (1997-2013)
Vito Nardin (2013-Present)

The Father General traditionally remained in his position until his death however in more recent times, the Father General may resign at 75. If the Father General wishes to not continue a vote by the curia is held to decide if this wish can be granted.
The Irish Province was founded in 1931. The first Rosminians in Ireland were led by a missionary named Aloysius Gentili who arrived to preach in 1848. Gentili died shortly after arriving in Dublin and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetry. His remains were later moved to Omeath in county Louth close to St. Michaels School which was ran by the Institute of Charity. The Irish Province has changed boundaries numerous times and at one time or another incorporated England, the United States of America, and New Zealand. Since 2019 the province consists of the island of Ireland and three houses in Florida. The province is controlled by a provincial and a provincial council who meet to discuss matters within the province. Past provincials include:

1. Thomas Hickey (1931-1948)
2. John Hickey (1948-1955)
3. Hugh MacFadden (1955-1964)
4. Benedict Forsyth (1964-1973)
5. Bernard McNally (1973-1976)
6. Charles O Sullivan (1976-1985)
7. James Flynn (1985-1991)
8. Patrick Pierce (1991-1997)
9. Matthew Gaffney (1997-2003)
10. Joseph O Reilly (2003-2010)
11. David Myers (2010-2014)
12. Joseph O Reilly (2014-Present)

The term held in the role of provincial is currently for a period of six years before new elections take place to decide the successor.
The Institute of Charity has owned numerous buildings across Ireland throughout its history. Each building fulfilled a different function with some changing function numerous times throughout their history. The buildings whose records are included in this collection are:
• St. Michael’s, Omeath, County Louth.
• St. Joseph's School for the Blind and other Drumcondra buildings.
• St. Joseph’s, Ferryhouse, County Tipperary.
• St. Patrick’s, Upton, County Cork.
• Glencomeragh, County Tipperary.
• Kilmurry House, Kilworth, County Cork.

Omeath
St. Michaels in Omeath, Co.Louth, came into the possession of the Institute of Charity in 1901 following the death of its previous owner, Edward MacCreanor, who wished to bequeath the building to a religious congregation. The building acted as a novitiate for the Rosminians in its early days before later becoming a juniorate in 1927. The diary from St. Michaels contains some interesting events from its early days as a novitiate including a visit in August 1921 by Margaret Pearse, mother of the Easter Rising rebel Pádraig Pearse, visits by Black and Tans during the Irish War of Independence, reaction to the Anglo-Irish Treaty ratification in January 1922, and a raid by Free State soldiers in September 1922. Several improvements were made to St. Michael’s in the early days of Rosminian ownership including the installation of a new altar, the construction of the Calvary in 1908, the gifts of statues and the opening of St Michael’s as a Juniorate in 1927. In 1954 St. Michaels was recognized as a secondary school for boys, while girls were also allowed enter the school. It was primarily a boarding school however day students also were taught at the school. The school would close in 1986. The Rosminians also owned other property nearby to St. Michaels including a house in Fane Valley and numerous fields on the Cooley Peninsula. The Rosminians were also put in charge of Faughart Parish in County Louth in 1986 which they continue to run as of the year 2020.

Kilmurry House
The Rosminians bought Kilmurry House in Kilworth, Co. Cork, in 1931 after getting approval from Robert Browne, Bishop of Cloyne, to purchase the property in order to set up a novitiate. Correspondence and memorandums included in this collection relating to these negotiations with the Bishop of Cloyne highlight the processes religious congregations had to go through when wanting to purchase land in a diocese. After setting up the novitiate the Institute of Charity spent money on renovating the building as well as purchasing land nearby. The building sustained substantial damage following a fire in April 1953. The Institute of Charity sold the building in 1972. The Kilmurry House collection consists of a substantial number of letters and application forms from boys who wished to join the novitiate. These records have been arranged in alphabetical order of the boy’s names. The application forms contain information on each boy's family including the names of their parents, their addresses, the primary schools they attended, their dates of baptism, and their date of confirmation. Letters of recommendation from parish priests and family doctors are also included with the applications. The boys in their correspondence with the rector in Kilmurry explain their reasons for wanting to join the Institute of Charity and some also describe their family life and the occupations of other family members. Another important item of note is a catalogue of names of members of the Institute of Charity and students who attended the novitiate at Kilmurry House, County Cork between the years 1933 and 1937. This catalogue includes the age, rank, and the date of entry into the novitiate of those who resided there.

Glencomeragh
Glencomeragh was purchased by the Institute of Charity in 1960 and became a novitiate. A report contained in the Glencomeragh Collection describes the importance of Glencomeragh House during the founding of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of God in Ireland. While under the ownership of the Rosminians the building had heating installed while a new chapel was constructed between 1981 and 1983. The Rosminians also owned other properties near Glencomeragh House which they rented out. In later years Glencomeragh House was used by the
Institute of Charity as a retreat centre and as a House of Prayer. In later years a major upgrade in the House of Prayer was the construction of hermitages on the property’s grounds to be used by those on retreat. The Institute of Charity handed over Glencomeragh House to the Diocese of Waterford and Lismore in 2016 and it is now being ran by the Holy Family Mission as a retreat centre for young adults.

Ferryhouse
St. Joseph's Industrial School in Ferryhouse, County Tipperary was constructed by Count Arthur Moore. Completed in 1884, Moore handed over ownership of the school to the Institute of Charity shortly after the completion of the building. The Rosminians also purchased land at nearby Tickincor. The Ferryhouse collection contains important documents related to the details of boys who were placed into the care of the Institute of Charity throughout the history of the Industrial School including lists of boys who were accepted and discharged from the school and medical reports. The collection also contains examples of activities the boys carried out in the school, day trips undertaken and material from school plays.
A series of newspaper reports also explain important events which took place in St. Joseph's Industrial School including a visit by Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland, in August 1984; the opening of a £1,000,000 new complex at Ferryhouse in January 1983; reports regarding craft work and classes in arts and crafts in Ferryhouse; an early newspaper report concerning the qualifications for the teachers involved in the school, the public perceptions of institutions like the school at Ferryhouse and the training offered to the students. Items such as menus provide information on the types of food eaten by the boys in St. Josephs while newspaper articles, while reports contain information on the conditions inside the school and the types of punishments the boys faced if they disobeyed the rules.
Other associations became important to the functioning of the industrial school in Ferryhouse. This included the Resident Managers Association and the Association of Workers in Childcare. The Resident Managers Association was formed primarily by heads of religious institutions which had the responsibility for caring for neglected and poor children while the
Association of Workers in Childcare catered for residential child care workers in Ireland and was primarily concerned with the maintenance of standards of child care and of training for the profession in the country. Records relating to both associations are contained in the Ferryhouse Collection.
As well as the running of the Industrial School the Institute of Charity purchased and rented out property and land close to Ferryhouse. This included property in Laganore, Tickincor, Glenconnor, Poulboy and Clonmel. Henry Shannon and Co. solicitors from Clonmel, Co. Tipperary, assisted the Institute of Charity regarding issues that arose concerning the renting and sale of these properties. The Ferryhouse collection also includes the legal documents and folios containing the agreements and the property details of the properties owned by the Institute of Charity close to Ferryhouse.
St. Joseph's Industrial School was transferred to the Department of Education in 2002. Documentation regarding the transfer is included in the Ferryhouse collection.

St. Joseph's School for the Blind

St. Joseph's School for the Blind, now known as Childvision, is located on Gracepark Road in the Dublin suburb of Drumcondra. The school was founded by the Discalced Carmelite Order who began their work with the blind in Glasnevin in 1859 before moving to the current site in 1882. By 1953, a reduction in their personnel meant that the Carmelites were no longer able to maintain this service and the Archbishop of Dublin, who was the patron of the Carmelites, approached the Superiors of the Institute of Charity to take over the running of the school. After taking over the school the Institute of Charity expanded the facility with the construction of new buildings in the 1960s. By the 1970s a secondary school, Pobailscoil Rosmini, had been established on Gracepark Road alongside the School for the Blind. Boys who attended the School for the Blind could complete their secondary education. By the mid-2000s further expansion of the school was proposed. The Drumcondra collection contains extensive material on proposed plans, minutes of meetings and correspondence between government, contractors and the Board of the School for the Blind concerning the creation of National Centre for the Blind on the site of School for the Blind. This never materialised.
A number of other properties were owned by the Institute of Charity in Drumcondra including 2 Grace Park Gardens and 1 Grace Park Gardens. These properties were rented out to various organisations, details of which are included in the collection. Clonturk House on the Ormond Road in Drumcondra is the current provincial house of the Institute of charity in Ireland. Before becoming the provincial house, it was as a centre for blind adult men. The Drumcondra collection contains mostly administrative documentation on Clonturk House including financial documentation, a speech from the silver jubilee of Clonturk House about the history of the building, medical reports on the men who were cared for there, and mass books.

Africa
The Institute of Charity have been carrying out missionary work in the African country of Tanzania since they first arrived there in 1945. The African collection contains correspondence between the early Rosminian missionaries in Tanzania and Thomas Hickey, Provincial of the Irish Province of the Institute of Charity, describing their journeys to Tanzania, mostly by boat, the conditions they met when they arrived in Tanzania and the work, they had carried out following their arrival. A diary written by Frank Kennedy describes in detail his journey by boat and train from Dublin to Tanzania between November 1945 and December 1945. Another diary written by an unknown author documented the early days of the mission in Rangwe, Tanzania, in the arrival of Walter Dick and John Reid and the famine conditions faced in Tanzania throughout 1953. The collection also contains photographs, estimated to have been taken in the 1960s, which show examples of the missionary work being carried out in Tanzania as well as the customs and traditions of the Tanzanian people including a traditional Tanzanian wedding.
Aid was important for the continuation of the missionary work carried out by the Institute of Charity in Tanzania. There was frequent correspondence between the Rosminians and aid organisations such as Gorta and the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Irish government in order to secure aid for the missionary work. Aid contributed towards improvement in educational facilities, agriculture, the construction of mills, the construction of an arts and crafts centre, and electricity and water infrastructure. Meetings of the African Chapter were also frequently held and discussions were had on formation in Africa, preparations for religious festivals, relations with the Irish Province, and the beatification of Antonio Rosmini.

Carmelites
The Discalced Carmelites played a part in the history of the Institute of Charity. The history of the discalced Carmelites in Drumcondra and also in areas such as Glasnevin and Clondalkin have been preserved in this collection thanks to Patrick Keaveney and Vincent Corcoran, both discalced Carmelites who kept documents, items and photographs related to the Carmelites going back to 1825. The discalced Carmelites were present in monasteries in Glasnevin and Clondalkin. The oldest documents included in this collection include the transfer of obedience of the Carmelite Brothers of Clondalkin to the Archbishop of Dublin in August 1837, lists of members of the Discalced Carmelites who died in the monasteries in Drumcondra and Clondalkin between 1828 and 1963 and correspondence regarding the construction of an avenue to Glasnevin Cemetery in the 1830s on land belonging to the Carmelites. The discalced Carmelites founded St. Joseph's School for the Blind in Glasnevin before moving to Drumcondra on the site of Drumcondra Castle. The collection includes receipts containing information on construction work that was carried out in the school in Drumcondra including the construction of a staircase and of new buildings. Other documents include more personal documents belonging to Carmelite Brothers including death certificates, birth certificates, wills, and personal correspondence. The discalced Carmelites also owned properties in Dublin that they rented including properties on Prussia Street. In 1955, St. Joseph's School for the Blind was transferred to the Institute of Charity following negotiations between the Archbishop of Dublin, the Institute of Charity and the discalced Carmelites. It was agreed that the remaining Carmelites would continue to be resident in St. Joseph's following the takeover by the Institute of Charity. This collection is an important collection regarding the early history of the School of the Blind in Drumcondra and the education of blind men and boys in Ireland during the nineteenth century.

to be filled out

Patrick Morrisroe the son of Mary Brennan and John Morrisroe (the baker) was born in Charlestown, County Mayo 19th February 1867. His sponsors were Luke Brennan and Frances Kelly. He joined several siblings. As seemed to follow family suit, he was educated at the local N.S. Seminary, then on to Ballaghadereen and Maynooth College. Following his ordination at the Cathedral at Ballaghadereen he served in the diocese of Achonry. In 1896 Patrick returned to Maynooth to become Junior Dean in the College.

CathedralPatrick was consecrated a Bishop at the age of 44 in the Cathedral, Ballaghadereen along with his cousin Most Rev. Bishop Michael J. O'Doherty, later to become Bishop of Zamboagna, in the Philippines. Most Rev. Dr. Healy, Archbishop of Tuam was the concecrating prelate, and was assisted by Rev. Dr. Clancy, the Bishop of Elphin. The congregation which filled the Cathedral included Messrs. John Dillon M.P., J. McVeagh M.P., and John O'Dowd M.P. The sermon was preached by Rev. Dr. Beechler, Maynooth College.

A man of deep learning Patrick was an authority on theological and liturgical matters. His Lenten Pastoral of 1941, one of great controversy was censored by the government. There are two versions of the Pastoral, one before censorship and one after. In it he directs his final comments to a world in crisis. "As we pen these pages, beloved Brethren, we are face to face with a spectacle probably more appaling than any recorded in the annals of history. Long ago it was predicted that nation would rise agains nation and Kingdom against Kingdom."

At the age of 79 Patrick died at the Palace, Edmondstown House, Ballaghadereen. Priests and people from all parts of the Diocese of Achonry and from around the world attended the removal of the remains to St. Nathy's Cathedral. The Archbishop of Tuam, Most Rev. Dr. Walsh officiated at the house. The funeral procession was headed by the members of the Diocesan Chapter and a large number of surpliced clergy of the diocese who chanted the Miserere. Members of the St. Vincent de Paul and Gardai acted as pall-bearers and marshals, and gardai, under the direction of Supt. J. Lyons provided a guard of honour. Members off all the Catholic organizations marched in the procession. His crypt is located within the sanctuary.

Taken from - https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~morrisroe/genealogy/notjustacouple.html

See also https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmorr.html

Mulvany was born in the townland of Skearke Moynalty, County Meath on the 1 March 1864 to James Mulvany and Mary Monaghan. He was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Meath on 6 March 1892.

Following his predecessors death, Pope Pius XI named him Bishop of Meath on 12 April 1929 and he was consecrated on 30 June of that year, with Cardinal Joseph MacRory being the principal consecrator. He retained that position until his death in Mullingar on 16 November 1943.He died in the Bishops Palace, Mullingar, and is buried in the Cathedral grounds.
New cathedral

At the time of his appointment, Mulvany became involved with plans for a new cathedral for Mullingar and the Diocese of Meath to replace the aging Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (1836–1936). He took the plans to Pope Pius XI, who was supportive and requested that the new building be dedicated as The Cathedral of Christ the King.The building was completed from 1932 - 1936.

Mulvany opened St. Patrick's Classical School Navan in the former study hall of St. Finians College, Navan (which had moved to Mullingar).

Born at Grange, Fedamore, Co. Limerick, he was educated at St Munchin's College, Limerick and St Patrick's College Maynooth. Ordained priest in June 1915, he returned to Maynooth to prepare for a Doctorate in Divinity. He was appointed to the staff of Maynooth, and held the post of Professor of Moral Theology before becoming Vice-President of the College in 1936. He became PP Bruff and St Munchin's before he was appointed bishop in December 1945. He was consecrated bishop of Limerick on February 24th 1946.

Bishop O'Neill prepared the ground for the development of St Munchin's College and moved the Bishop's residence to Kilmoyle. Despite being a shy person, he was the driving force behind a great deal of Diocesan work. He died suddenly in Kilmoyle on March 26th 1958 and is buried in the priests' plot in Mount St Laurence Cemetery.

https://limerickdioceseheritage.org/Diocese/FormerBishops/PatrickONeil.htm

Baptismal name: James Brady
Religious name: Fr. Conor Brady OFM Cap.
Date of birth: 21 Aug. 1923
Place of birth: Crosskeys, County Cavan (Diocese of Kilmore)
Name of father: Eugene Brady
Name of mother: Mary Brady (née Finnegan)
Date of reception into the Capuchin Order: 3 Oct. 1942
Date of first profession: 4 Oct. 1943
Date of final profession: 4 Oct. 1946
Date of ordination: 8 June 1950
Educational attainments: BA (1946)
Missionary activities: Travelled to Barotseland, Northern Rhodesia (later Zambia), on 26 Dec. 1950
Date of death: 20 Apr. 1993
Place of death: Kaoma, Zambia
Place of burial: Kaoma, Zambia

Baptismal name: Cornelius Francis Reardon
Religious name: Fr. Xavier Reardon OFM Cap.
Date of birth: 2 Feb. 1899
Place of birth: Blackrock Road, Ballintemple, County Cork
Name of father: Cornelius Reardon
Name of mother: Elizabeth Reardon (née Keane)
Date of reception into the Capuchin Order: 17 Sept. 1916
Date of first profession: 17 Sept. 1917
Date of final profession: 14 July 1921
Date of ordination (as priest): 29 June 1925
Educational attainments: BA (1926); Higher Diploma in Education (1926)
Missionary activities: Travelled to India in 1937. He returned to Ireland in 1948. Travelled to the United States in 1960. He returned to Ireland in 1967.
Date of death: 26 Dec. 1986
Place of death: Holy Trinity Friary, Cork
Place of burial: Cemetery, Capuchin Friary, Rochestown, County Cork.

From the ‘Necrology of the Western American Province’ (2005):

Cornelius Reardon was born in Cork on 2 February 1916. His early education was with the Christian Brothers’ schools in Cork (Sullivans’ Quay and North Monastery). He completed his studies at the Capuchin Franciscan College in Rochestown, County Cork (1915-6). On 17 September 1916 he was received as a novice in the Capuchin Order, taking Xavier as his religious name. The following year, after making his simple profession, he began philosophy studies in University College Cork. He returned to Rochestown to undertake theological studies. He was ordained to the priesthood at Holy Trinity Church in Cork on 29 June 1925. His first assignment was teaching in Rochestown College (1925-6). He then served in three communities in Ireland (Kilkenny, 1929-30), (Rochestown, 1930-1), (Church Street, Dublin, 1931-7). In 1937 he volunteered for missionary work under Archbishop Sylvester Mulligan OFM Cap. in India. For eleven years he laboured under difficult conditions, returning to Ireland in 1948. In the early 1960s he travelled to the United States and worked at various ministries in St. Patrick’s Friary in Wilmington, Delaware. Here he conducted novenas and retreats. He also helped in supply work. In 1963 he transferred to the new novitiate at San Lorenzo in Mission Santa Inés in California. Here he acted as spiritual director to the novices. He returned to Ireland in 1967 and spent the last years of his life in Holy Trinity Friary in Cork. He died on 26 December 1986 and was buried in the cemetery attached to Rochestown Friary in Cork.

Edward Cregan was born in Shanagolden in County Limerick on 19 October 1894. He was received into the Capuchin Order at Rochestown Friary in County Cork in February 1915 and took Colmcille as his religious name. Four years later he made his solemn profession. He was stationed in Rochestown College for two years before moving to Holy Trinity Friary in Cork city where he was resident for three years. His next appointment (1921) was as sacristan in St. Mary of the Angels on Church Street in Dublin. In 1924 he was sent as a missionary friar to California. Following the death of Fr. Albert Bibby OFM Cap., Pastor of the Santa Inés Mission, in February 1925, Br. Colmcille was sent there to lend assistance. He worked on various improvement projects at the old Franciscan mission. Aside from helping in the church and sacristy, he also designed and planted the boxwood Celtic cross in the mission garden. He returned to Ireland in the early 1930s and spent most of the remainder of his life (forty years) as sacristan with the Church Street Capuchin community in Dublin. He died on 10 December 1979 and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin.

Baptismal name: Edward Cregan
Religious name: Br. Colmcille Cregan OFM Cap.
Date of birth: 19 Oct. 1894
Place of birth: Shanagolden, County Limerick
Name of father: Michael Cregan (Farmer)
Name of mother: Marry Cregan (née Sheehan)
Date of reception into the Capuchin Order: 5 Feb. 1915
Date of first profession: 6 Feb. 1916
Date of final profession: 12 Apr. 1919
Missionary activities: Travelled to the Western United States mission custody in 1924. He returned to Ireland in 1931.
Date of death: 10 Dec. 1979
Place of death: Church Street Friary, Dublin
Place of burial: Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin

From : https://www.dib.ie/biography/dignan-john-a2583

Dignan, John (1880–1953), priest and bishop of Clonfert, was born 13 June 1880 at Ballygar, Co. Galway, son of Thomas Dignan, farmer, and Sarah Dignan (née Kelly). He was educated at Esker College, Loughrea, and St Patrick's College, Maynooth, was ordained a priest (6 September 1903) for the Clonfert diocese, and in the same year joined the staff of St Joseph's College in Ballinasloe where he served until 1915, becoming president in 1905. He served as a curate in the parish of Creagh and Kildoney (1915–19) and as parish priest of Abbey, Loughrea (1919–23), and subsequently in Killimer, before being appointed a bishop (March 1924). A staunch nationalist, he had served in 1917 as president of the east Galway board of the Sinn Féin executive and was a central figure in the organisation of Sinn Féin courts in the county; in his absence, his parochial house in Loughrea was raided and bombed by the Black and Tans. He was adamantly opposed to the Anglo–Irish treaty, and at the time of his consecration as bishop of Clonfert in June 1924 caused a minor sensation by declaring: ‘I predict that the republican party is certain to be returned to power in a short time. Prepare for that day. Do your best for its quick approach.’ In communication with Patrick Hagan, the rector of the Irish College in Rome, he defended his remarks, believing that republicans had been treated badly and deserved public endorsement. Known for his strong Fianna Fáil sympathies, he endorsed their programme for economic independence in 1933, and hailed the 1937 constitution as the ‘Christian charter of a Christian people’. In 1936 he was appointed chairman of the National Health Insurance Society (NHIS) and became the hierarchy's leading authority on social issues. He is best remembered for his 1944 pamphlet Outlines of a scheme of national health insurance. Strongly influenced by catholic social theory and following the continental pattern of health insurance, it exalted the authority of the family, and suggested the creation of a central insurance board and the removal of all responsibility for health and welfare from the government's control. GPs (employed in newly created health centres) were to be paid a salary or a combination of salary and fee or capitation with private practice, and church representation on the central and regional committees would supervise the service, to be financed by contributory payments. Dignan maintained the subtext of the plan was that ‘the whole poor law legislation. . . should be blotted out from our statute book and – from our memory. The [present] system is tainted at its root and it reeks now, as it did when introduced, of destitution, pauperism, and degradation.' The main weakness of the plan was that no costings were provided to show that it was financially viable, but it played an important role in forcing debate and articulating a new view of access to the health services. It infuriated the minister for local government and public health, Seán MacEntee (qv), who argued that Dignan's plan would confer power upon ‘doctors and ecclesiastics rather than democratically elected politicians’ and in 1945 Dignan was replaced as chairman of the NHIS by a civil servant. The clash was a catalyst in health becoming a government department in its own right (independent of local government) in 1947 and foreshadowed the Mother-and-Child controversy of 1951: it was ‘the first approximation to a church versus state clash that the country had seen since 1922’ (Garvin, 71–2). Dignan died 12 April 1953. The Labour party, who had supported his proposals, lamented that ‘the cause of social progress is poorer by his passing’.
Sources

Ir. Times, 14 Apr. 1953; John H. Whyte, Church and state in modern Ireland 1923–79 (1980); Ruth Barrington, Health, medicine and politics in Ireland 1900–79 (1987); Bernard Canning, Bishops of Ireland 1870–1987 (1987); J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–85: politics and society (1989); Dermot Keogh, The Vatican, the bishops and Irish politics 1919–39 (1991); Tom Garvin, Preventing the future: why was Ireland so poor for so long? (2004)